适用于每种语言的Unix纪元、日期格式、时区偏移和即用代码片段。
0
1970-01-01T00:00:00Z
946684800
2000-01-01T00:00:00Z
2147483647
2038-01-19T03:14:07Z — max for 32-bit signed int
9223372036854775807
~292 billion years — no practical overflow
86400000
60 × 60 × 24 × 1000
31536000
365 × 24 × 60 × 60 (non-leap)
2024-01-15T12:30:00Z
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ — widely recommended
2024-01-15T07:30:00-05:00
YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS±HH:MM
Mon, 15 Jan 2024 12:30:00 +0000
Used in email headers and HTTP headers
2024-01-15T12:30:00.000Z
Subset of ISO 8601 with milliseconds
Mon, 15 Jan 2024 12:30:00 GMT
Used in HTTP headers (Last-Modified, Date)
01/15/2024
Ambiguous — avoid in APIs
15/01/2024
Ambiguous — avoid in APIs
2024-01-15
SQL DATE type, BigQuery, Redshift
20240115123000
Lexicographically sortable
Date.now()
Returns milliseconds since epoch
Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)
Returns whole seconds
new Date(ts * 1000).toISOString()
Multiply by 1000 if ts is in seconds
Math.floor(new Date('2024-01-15T12:30:00Z').getTime() / 1000)import time; time.time()
Returns float with sub-second precision
from datetime import datetime, timezone datetime.fromtimestamp(ts, tz=timezone.utc)
Always pass tz=timezone.utc to avoid local timezone
from datetime import datetime, timezone
datetime.fromisoformat('2024-01-15T12:30:00+00:00').timestamp()SELECT EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM NOW())::BIGINT;
Returns whole seconds
SELECT to_timestamp(1705319400);
SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1705319400);
time.Now().UnixNano()
Nanoseconds precision
time.Now().Unix()
SystemTime::now().duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH).unwrap().as_secs()
time()
Returns seconds; microtime(true) for float
date +%s
GNU/BSD date; on macOS same command works
+00:00
Coordinated Universal Time — no DST
-05:00 / -04:00
EST in winter, EDT in summer (DST)
-06:00 / -05:00
-07:00 / -06:00
-08:00 / -07:00
+00:00 / +01:00
BST (British Summer Time) in summer
+01:00 / +02:00
Germany, France, Italy, Poland, etc.
+05:30
No DST — half-hour offset
+08:00
No DST — entire country one timezone
+09:00
No DST
+10:00 / +11:00
DST in southern hemisphere summer (Oct–Apr)
+12:00 / +13:00
| 单位 | 位数 | 示例 | 大致范围 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seconds (s) | 10 | 1705319400 | 1970 – 2286 |
| Milliseconds (ms) | 13 | 1705319400000 | 1970 – 2286 (×1000) |
| Microseconds (μs) | 16 | 1705319400000000 | Sub-second precision |
| Nanoseconds (ns) | 19 | 1705319400000000000 | Used by Go, Rust, Linux kernel |
Unix时间戳(也称为纪元时间)是自1970年1月1日00:00:00 UTC以来经过的秒数(不计闰秒)。它是一个单一整数,可以明确识别时区独立的任何时刻。
传统Unix时间戳计算完整的秒数。现代语言和API(JavaScript Date.now()、Java System.currentTimeMillis())使用毫秒(大1000倍)来实现亚秒精度。互操作时,始终检查量级:10位数字是秒,13位数字是毫秒。
32位有符号整数最多可以表示到2,147,483,647,对应2038年1月19日03:14:07 UTC。在那之后,32位系统将溢出为负值。64位系统可以安全地表示超过2920亿年的日期。
JavaScript: new Date(ts * 1000).toISOString()。Python: datetime.fromtimestamp(ts, tz=timezone.utc).isoformat()。SQL(PostgreSQL): to_timestamp(ts)。UTC的ISO 8601格式为YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SSZ,例如2024-01-15T12:30:00Z。