&Required — always escape bare & in HTML
<Required — prevents tag confusion
>Good practice in attribute values
"Use inside attribute values
Non-breaking space — prevents line breaks
©Copyright symbol in footers
—Em dash for parenthetical statements
…Ellipsis for truncated text
Search for a character or its entity name, then inspect the matching reference entry. Compare the rendered symbol with the named and numeric forms before choosing what to copy. The example below uses the ampersand, whose entity is useful when you need a literal ampersand in HTML text. Paste the entity into your source file rather than expecting it to remain visible as that exact spelling in the rendered page.
Use the available category filter when a broad search produces too many entries. Entity names are case sensitive, and not every Unicode character has a named entity. Numeric references provide another representation for supported characters. This reference helps you choose syntax; it does not sanitize a document or determine whether text is safe inside JavaScript, CSS, or an HTML attribute.
Character: &
Named entity: &
Decimal entity: &
Hexadecimal entity: &
HTML text rendered: &
HTML entities are special codes used to represent reserved or special characters in HTML. For example, &lt; represents < and &amp; represents &. They prevent browsers from misinterpreting characters as HTML markup.
Use HTML entities for characters reserved in HTML (< > & "). For other symbols, modern HTML5 pages with UTF-8 encoding can use Unicode characters directly, though entities are safer for email templates.
Named entities like &copy; are human-readable but not all characters have names. Numeric entities like &#169; (decimal) or &#xA9; (hex) work for any Unicode character.
Use &amp; to display &. Never use a bare & in HTML attributes or content — it can cause rendering issues in some parsers and validators will flag it as invalid.
| Character | Entity | Description |
|---|---|---|
| & | Ampersand | |
| < | Less-than sign | |
| > | Greater-than sign | |
| " | Quotation mark | |
| ' | Apostrophe | |
| Non-breaking space | ||
| | Soft hyphen | |
| | — | Zero Width Joiner |
| — | Em dash | |
| – | En dash | |
| … | Horizontal ellipsis | |
| « | Left double angle quotation | |
| » | Right double angle quotation | |
| ‘ | Left single quotation mark | |
| ’ | Right single quotation mark | |
| “ | Left double quotation mark | |
| ” | Right double quotation mark | |
| · | Middle dot | |
| • | Bullet | |
| ‣ | — | Triangular bullet |
| © | Copyright sign | |
| ® | Registered sign | |
| ™ | Trade mark sign | |
| ℠ | — | Service mark |
| ° | Degree sign | |
| § | Section sign | |
| ¶ | Pilcrow (paragraph) | |
| † | Dagger | |
| ‡ | Double dagger | |
| ★ | — | Black star |
| ☆ | — | White star |
| ♥ | Black heart suit | |
| ♦ | Black diamond suit | |
| ♠ | Black spade suit | |
| ♣ | Black club suit | |
| ✓ | — | Check mark |
| ✗ | — | Ballot X |
| ∞ | Infinity | |
| ‰ | Per mille sign | |
| + | — | Plus sign |
| − | Minus sign | |
| × | Multiplication sign | |
| ÷ | Division sign | |
| = | — | Equals sign |
| ≠ | Not equal to | |
| ≈ | Almost equal to | |
| ≡ | Identical to | |
| ≤ | Less than or equal to | |
| ≥ | Greater than or equal to | |
| ± | Plus-minus sign | |
| √ | Square root | |
| ∑ | N-ary summation | |
| ∏ | N-ary product | |
| π | Greek small letter pi | |
| ½ | Vulgar fraction one-half | |
| ¼ | Vulgar fraction one-quarter | |
| ¾ | Vulgar fraction three-quarters | |
| ² | Superscript two | |
| ³ | Superscript three | |
| ← | Leftwards arrow | |
| → | Rightwards arrow | |
| ↑ | Upwards arrow | |
| ↓ | Downwards arrow | |
| ↔ | Left right arrow | |
| ↕ | — | Up down arrow |
| ⇐ | Leftwards double arrow | |
| ⇒ | Rightwards double arrow | |
| ⇑ | Upwards double arrow | |
| ⇓ | Downwards double arrow | |
| ⇔ | Left right double arrow | |
| ↩ | — | Leftwards arrow with hook |
| ↪ | — | Rightwards arrow with hook |
| ↺ | — | Anticlockwise open circle arrow |
| ↻ | — | Clockwise open circle arrow |
| $ | — | Dollar sign |
| € | Euro sign | |
| £ | Pound sign | |
| ¥ | Yen sign | |
| ¢ | Cent sign | |
| ₿ | — | Bitcoin sign |
| ₹ | — | Indian rupee sign |
| ₩ | — | Won sign |
| ¤ | Currency sign | |
| À | A with grave | |
| Á | A with acute | |
| Â | A with circumflex | |
| Ã | A with tilde | |
| Ä | A with diaeresis | |
| Å | A with ring above | |
| Æ | AE ligature | |
| Ç | C with cedilla | |
| È | E with grave | |
| É | E with acute | |
| Ñ | N with tilde | |
| Ö | O with diaeresis | |
| Ü | U with diaeresis | |
| ß | Sharp s (eszett) | |
| à | a with grave | |
| á | a with acute | |
| â | a with circumflex | |
| ã | a with tilde | |
| ä | a with diaeresis | |
| å | a with ring above | |
| æ | ae ligature | |
| ç | c with cedilla | |
| è | e with grave | |
| é | e with acute | |
| ñ | n with tilde | |
| ö | o with diaeresis | |
| ü | u with diaeresis | |
| ø | o with stroke (slash) | |
| Ø | O with stroke (slash) |